Protestant count Philip of Hessen marries second wife. [1]
March 19
Court of Holland names Amsterdam sheriff John Hubrechtsz a "heretic". [1]
April 29
Emperor Charles V declares all privileges of Gent ended. [1]
May 4
Venice and Turkey sign Treaty of Constantinople. [1]
May 6
Jean Luis Vives Spanish theory/humanist/reformer, dies at age 48. [1]
May 22
Francesco Guicciardini Italian historian/President of Romagna, dies at age 57. [1]
June 24
Henry VIII divorces his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. [1]
July 9
England's King Henry VIII six-month marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled. [1]
July 28
Thomas Cromwell King Henry VIII's chief minister, executed. [1]
September 27
Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola. [1]
1541
January 6
Bernard van Orley Flemish royal painter of Hungary, dies at about age 52. [1]
February 24
Santiago, Chile founded by Pedro de Valvidia. [1]
April 4
Ignatius of Loyola becomes first superior-General of the Jesuits. [1]
April 25
Liege flooded after heavy down pour. [1]
May 8
Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River and names it RÃo de EspÃritu Santo. [1] [5]
May 27
Margaretha duchess of Salisbury, beheaded. [1]
September 15
At Brömsebro, the Kings of Sweden and Denmark conclude a treaty of friendship and alliance between their countries. [7]
December 24
Andreas R Bodenstein von Carlstadt radical Lutheran, dies at about age 61. [1]
December 29
Isabella of Poland and King Ferdinand of Austria sign Treaty of Gyalu. [1]
1542
January 10
Gerardus Noviomagus [Gerrit Geldenhauer], Dutch theologist, die at age 59. [1]
January 21
Parliament passes bill of attainder against Queen Katherine Howard. [1]
February 1
Hieronymus Aleander [Girólamo Aleandro], Italian diplomat, dies at age 61. [1]
February 13
Catherine Howard queen of England/5th wife of Henry VIII, is beheaded. [1]
May 21
Hernando de Soto dies while searching for gold, near Mississippi River. [1]
September 28
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovers California, at San Diego Bay. [1]
October 7
Explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovers Santa Catalina Island off the California coast. [5]
December 14
James king of Scotland (1513-42), dies at age 30. [1]
December 28
Albert Pigge [Pighius] Dutch theologist/astronomer, dies at about age 52. [1]
1543
January 3
Juan Cabrillo conqueror of Central America, discoverer of California, dies. [1]
February 11
Ahmed Gran sultan of Adal, dies in battle. [1]
Battle at Wayna Daga Ethiopian/Portugese troops beat Muslim army. [1]
Karel/Henry VIII sign anti-French covenant. [1]
March 18
Hernan de Soto observes first recorded flood in America (Mississippi River). [1]
May 24
Nicolas Copernicus astronomer, dies in Poland. [1]
July 12
England's King Henry VIII weds Catherine Parr (6th and last wife). [1]
1544
January 30
Adrian van Goes becomes land advocate of Holland. [1]
April 14
Battle at Carignano French troops under Earl d'Enghien beat Swiss. [1]
May 1
Turkish troops occupy Hungary. [1]
May 17
Scottish Earl Matthew van Lennox signs secret treaty with Henry VIII. [1]
May 23
German emperor Charles V recognizes king Christian III of Denmark. [1]
May 29
Jacobus Latomus [Jasques Masson] Belgian inquisitor, dies at about age 68. [1]
1545
February 13
Willem of Nassau becomes prince of Orange. [1]
February 19
Pierre Brully [Peter Brulius], calvinist minister, burned to death. [1]
March 24
German Parliament opens in Worms. [1]
April 12
French king François I orders protestants of Vaudois to be killed. [1]
July 19
French attack English ships at Portsmouth harbor; English King Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose is sunk either by French cannon or while hoisting sail. Loss of about 650 men. [118.10] [1199.34]
December 13
Pope Paul III opens Council of Trente (19th ecumenical council). [1]
1546
February 18
Martin Luther biblical scholar/religious reformer, dies at age 62. [1]
March 10
Thomas Elyot English diplomat (Boke named the Governor), dies at age 46. [1]
March 26
Thomas Elyot British diplomat, dies. [1]
March 29
Cardinal Beaton English archbishop of Saint Andrews, murdered. [1]
1547
January 13
Earl Henry Howard of Surrey sentenced to death. [1]
January 16
Ivan IV the Terrible (age 17) crowns himself first tsar of Russia. [1]
January 19
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, army commander/poet, beheaded at age 29 for treason. [1]
January 28
Henry VIII King of England (1509-47), dies at age 55. His will designates 16 executors to maintain church and state policies until his son and heir Edward comes of age. [1] [858.54]
January 31
The death of King Henry VIII of England is announced in Parliament. The Privy Council elects Edward Seymour as Lord Protector. [858.55]
February 3
Russian czar Ivan IV (age 17) marries Anastasia Romanova. [1]
February 20
King Edward VI of England is enthroned. [1]
March 30
François I of Valois-Angoulême King of France (1515-47), dies at age 52. [1]
March 31
Henry II succeeds François I as king of France. [1]
April 24
Battle of Mühlberg: Emperor Karel V versus ruler Johan Frederik the Brave. [1]
May 16
Protestant German monarch Johan Frederik surrenders to Karel in Wittenberg. [1]
July 31
Castle of Saint Andrews surrenders to French after six-week siege. [858.57]
September 2
Hernan Cortes Spanish general defeats Aztec Indians. [1]
September 4
Duke of Somerset invades Scotland with 14,000 men, 4000 horses, 15 cannon, crossing River Tweed. Included are wagonloads of Bibles to be distributed in conquered Catholic areas. [858.57]
September 9
English battle Scottish forces at Pinkie Cleugh, south of Edinburgh; English are victorious, returning to London, but without the Queen of Scotland who had fled to France. [858.57]
1548
January 23
Bernardo Pisano composer, dies at age 57. [1]
April 1
Sigismund I the Elder, King of Poland, dies at age 81. [1]
May 11
Great fire in Brielle. [1]
July 16
La Paz, Bolivia is founded. [1]
December 24
Maximilian of Egmond Dutch count/stadholder of Frisia, dies. [1]
1549
January 17
Thomas Seymour is arrested, sent to Tower prison of London, for plotting overthrow of English government. [858.60]
Privy Council of England presents 33 charges against Thomas Seymour, finding him guilty of treason, condemned to die. [858.60]
March 20
Thomas Seymour of Sudely English Lord Admiral, beheaded. [1]
May 27
Lijsbeth Dirksdr Fries antabaptist, drowns. [1]
July 17
Jews are expelled from Ghent Belgium. [1]
October 14
Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, is imprisoned in the Tower of London. [858.63]
1550
January 10
First sitting of "Vurige Chamber" in Paris. [1]
February 2
English Edward Seymour duke of Somerset, freed. [1]
February 7
Giovanni Maria del Monte elected Pope Julius III. [1]
March 8
Juan de Dios Port/Sp saint (Brothers of Mercy), dies at age 55. [1]
March 24
France and England sign Peace of Boulogne. [1]
April 2
Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. [1]
April 12
Claude of Lorraine duke of Guise, dies at age 53. [1]
April 28
Powers of Dutch inquisition extends. [1]
April 29
Emperor Charles V gives inquisiters additional authority. [1]
December 6
Pieter Coecke van Aelst Flemish painter, dies at age 48. [1]
1551
March 9
Emperor Karel appoints son Philip as heir to the throne. [1]
April 6
Joachim Vadianus Swiss physician/mayor of Sankt Gallen, dies at age 66. [1]
April 11
English premier John Dudley appointed duke of Northumberland. [1]
April 20
John Dudley becomes English Earl Marshal. [1]
May 1
Council of Trente resumes. [1]
May 12
San Marcos University in Lima Peru, opens. [1]
May 31
Aristotele "Basiano" da Sangallo Italian set designer, dies. [1]
December 19
Dutch west coast hit by hurricane. [1]
1552
January 3
Henry II of Bavaria bishop of Utrecht (1524-29), dies at age 64. [1]
January 11
Johannes Cochlaeus [Dobeneck], German humanist/theologist, dies. [1]
January 12
Dutch west coast hit by heavy storm, 100s killed. [1]
January 15
France signs secret treaty with German Protestants. [1]
January 22
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, beheaded in London, England for treason. [1] [858.65]
January 23
Second version of Book of Common Prayer becomes mandatory in England. [1]
February 15
Dutch coast hit by heavy storm. [1]
February 24
Privileges of the Hanseatic League in England are abrogated. [1]
April 4
Mauritius van Saksen begins alliance with Karel Anikita Stroganov. [1]
April 10
Henri II of France occupies Metz. [1]
April 14
Laurentius Andreae [Lars Andersson] Swedish church reformer, dies. [1]
April 18
John Leland antiquary, dies. [1]
Mauritius of Saksen occupies Linz. [1]
April 19
Mauritius of Saksen captures Karel. [1]
April 21
Peter Apianus [Bennewitz/Bienewitz] German astronomer, dies at age 50. [1]
1553
February 4
Caspar Othmayr composer, dies at age 37. [1]
February 19
Erasmus Reinhold German mathematician, dies at age 41. [1]
April 9
François Rabelais French author (Gargantua/Pantagruel), dies at age 49. [1]
April 29
Flemish woman introduces practice of starching linen into England. [1]
May 10
Sir Hugh Willoughby, Richard Chancellor, and Cornelius Durfoorth set out from England in three ships to find a north-east passage to Cathay. (The surviving ship of Chancellor finds Russia, the beginning of the Muscovy Company.) [857.57]
July 6
King Edward VI dies, weakened by measles and tuberculosis. By his will, Lady Jane Grey and her heirs are made successors to the crown of England. [857.42]
July 11
Princess Mary of England announces he bid for the throne, gathering an army in East Anglia. [857.42]
July 19
15-year-old Lady Jane Grey deposed as England's Queen after 9 days. [1]
August 12
Pope Julius III orders confiscation and burning of the Talmud. [1]
August 23
Death of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, England, beheaded for high treason. [857.43]
September 4
Cornelia da Nomatalcino monk converted to Judaism, burned at stake. [1]
September 8
City of Lichfield, England established. [1]
October 21
Volumes of the Talmud are burned. [1]
October 27
Michael Servetus, Spanish physician, burns at stake in Geneva, Switzerland for heresy and blasphemy for his speculations on the nature of the Trinity. [1] [37]
1554
January 5
Great fire in Eindhoven Netherlands. [1]
January 25
Sir Thomas Wyatt gathers an army in Kent, rebels against Queen Mary. [1]
February 9
Battle at London Sir Thomas Wyatt defeated. [1]
Lady Jane Grey, deposed Queen of England, beheaded after 9 day rule at age 17. [1] [857.44]
February 12
Lord Guildford Dudley Jane Grey's husband, beheaded. [1]
February 21
Hieronymus Bock German doctor (founder of modern botany), dies. [1]
February 23
Henry Grey Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane Grey's father, executed. [1]
March 3
Johan Frederik de Greatmoedige ruler of Saxon (1532-47), dies at age 50. [1]
July 25
Wedding of Mary of England and Philip of Spain at Winchester. [696.43]
November 30
Formal ceremony of English reconciliation with Rome, restoring Catholic faith in England. [696.44]
1555
January 20
Medieval heresy laws are revived in England; Protestant heretics face burning at the stake. [696.44]
February 4
Religious scholar John Rogers, Protestant heretic, is first burned at stake in Queen Mary's reign, at Smithfield. [696.44]
February 9
John Hooper, deprived Bishop of Gloucester, burnt for heresy. [1]
March 23
Julius III [Giovanni M del Monte], Pope (1550-55), dies at age 67. [1]
April 9
Marcello Cervini elected Pope Marcellus II. [1]
April 12
Johanna de Wanzinnige Queen of Castilie (1504-20), dies at age 75. [1]
April 17
Siena surrenders for Spanish troops. [1]
May 1
Marcellus II [Marcello Cervini] Italian Pope (1555), dies at age 53. [1]
May 23
Giampietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV. [1]
May 25
Gemma Frisius Frisian geographer/astronomer, dies at age 46. [1]
September 25
Peace of Augsburg takes effect ending conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. [37]
1556
January 16
Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of Spain. [1]
January 23
In Shensi Province, China, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurs. Worst death toll in history: 830,000 deaths. [1] [53]
January 27
Willem of Orange becomes knight of Guilder Flies. [1]
February 5
Kings Henri I and Philip II sign Treaty of Vaucelles. [1]
February 14
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared a heretic. [1]
March 19
Lieven van der Maude [Ammonius], South Netherlands poet, dies at age 70. [1]
March 21
Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, burned at stake at age 66. [1]
March 22
Cardinal Reginald Pole becomes archbishop of Canterbury. [1]
March 28
Karel V's son Philip II crowned king of Spain. [1]
Origin of Fasli Era (India). [1]
April 13
Portuguese Marranos who revert back to Judaism burned by order of Pope. [1]
April 18
Luigi Alamanni Italian poet (Flora, Antigone), dies at age 61. [1]
July 31
Saint Ignatius of Loyola founder of Society of Jesus, dies in Rome. [1]
1557
February 27
First Russian Embassy opens in London. [1]
April 9
Michael Agricola Finnish theologist/church reformer/bishop, dies. [1]
September 1
Jacques Cartier French explorer, dies (birth date unknown). [1]
December 3
First Covenant of Scottish protestants form. [1]
December 13
Niccoló Tartaglia Italian mathematician, dies. [1]
1558
January 7
Calais, last English possession in France, retaken by French under Francois, Duke of Guise. [1]
January 8
French troops under duke de Guise occupy Calais. [1]
January 9
Geneva becomes independent from Berne canton, Switzerland. [1]
January 11
Westmunster Church in Middelburg destroyed by heavy storm. [1]
February 3
Alfonsus de Castro Spanish theologist (council of Trente), dies. [1]
March 5
Smoking tobacco introduced in Europe by Francisco Fernandes. [1]
March 13
Jean Fernel French physician/physiologist, dies. [1]
March 14
Ferdinand I appointed Holy Roman emperor. [1]
March 24
Anna van Buren countess of Egmond/Buren/Lingen, dies. [1]
April 4
Czar Ivan IV gives parts of North-Russia to fur traders. [1]
April 24
Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland marries French crown prince François. [1]
April 26
Jean François Fernel French physician, dies. [1]
November 12
Rabbi Shalom Shakna ben Joseph founder of first Polish Yeshiva, dies. [1]
November 17
Queen Mary I, the monarch of England and Ireland, dies and is succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth. [129] [419.70] [768.18]
December 29
Charles V, German emperor, buried. [1]
Hermann Finck composer, dies at age 31. [1]
1559
January 1
Christian III king of Denmark/Norway (1534-59), dies. [1]
January 15
Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey. [419.70] [1118.133] (January 13 [1])
January 29
Sir Thomas Pope English politician, benefactor, dies at about age 52. [1]
February 16
Pope Paul IV calls for deposition of sovereigns supporting heresy. [1]
March 14
Jacques d'Auchy Walloon baptist merchant, executed. [1]
Storm floods ravage Gorinchem, Dordrecht and Woudrichem, Netherlands. [1]
April 3
Peace of Cateao Cambresis, ending French war with Holy Roman Empire. England loses its last possession in France, Calais. [1] [244.4]
May 10
Scottish Protestants under John Knox uprise against queen-mother Mary. [1]
May 13
Excavated corpse of heretic David Jorisz burned in Basel. [1]
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